Table of Contents

Chapter 1: On parameterizations of air-sea fluxes Introduction; Turbulent fluxes and the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory; Measuring turbulent fluxes; Field data; Momentum flux; Scalar fluxes; Discussion Chapter 2: Satellite-based observations of surface turbulent stress during severe weather Introduction; Satellite observations of surface winds; In situ data; Flux model; Comparisons with observations; Applications to scatterometry; Conclusions Chapter 3: Similarity and dissimilarity in air-sea momentum and CO2 transfers: the nondimensional transfer coefficients in light of the windsea Reynolds number Introduction; Present status of air-sea transfer coefficients; Wind-windsea equilibrium and nondimensional windsea boundary layer variables; Drag coefficient in light of the windsea Reynolds number; Nondimensional CO2 transfer velocity as a function of the windsea Reynolds number; Conclusions Chapter 4: Applications of synthetic aperture radar in marine meteorology Introduction; SAR image analysis in the study of marine meteorological phenomena; SAR-generated near-surface wind speed images; SAR meteorology: a historical perspective and a look into the future Chapter 5: Relationship between oceanic energy fluxes and surface winds during tropical cyclone passage Introduction; Observations; Vertical wavenumber spectra; Relationship to forcing structure; OML current simulations; Concluding remarks Chapter 6: Midlatitude storm impacts on air-sea CO2 fluxes Introduction; Model description; Case study: extratropical Hurricane Gustav; Air-sea gas transfer velocity; Gas transfer velocity and CO2 air-sea flux; Concluding remarks Chapter 7: Extratropical transition of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Introduction; A basic primer on TC formation and structure; Atlantic TC and ET climatology; Intraseasonal and interbasin variation in ET and proposed favorable environments; A typical Atlantic ET case study: Hurricane Floyd (1999); Operational definitions of ET onset and completion; Summary Chapter 8: Historical and possible future changes of wave heights in northern hemisphere oceans Introduction; Datasets and methodologies; Historical changes of wave heights; Climate change scenarios of wave heights; Concluding remarks