Table of Contents

* Indicates new reading Acknowledgements Preface Introducing Women’s Studies: Gender in a Transnational World Part One: Social and Historical Constructions of Gender Introducing the Chapter Section 1: Sex Differences and Changing Ideas of Gender Nelly Oudshoorn, “Sex and the Body” Emily Martin, “The Egg and the Sperm” *Kathryn M. Ringrose, “Gender and Byzantine Culture” *BOX: Joan Wallach Scott, “Gender the Politics of History” Charlotte Furth, “Androgynous Males and Deficient Females: Biology and Gender Boundaries in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century China” Carole S. Vance, “Social Construction Theory: Problems in the History of Sexuality” Reflecting on the Section Section 2: The Rise of Western Science Linda Gordon, “Magic” Sheila Rowbotham, “Feminist Approaches to Technology” Anne Fausto-Sterling, “The Biological Connection” Stephan Jay Gould, “Women’s Brains” Udo Schuklenk, Edward Stein, Jacinta Kerin, and William Byne, “The Ethics of Genetic Research on Sexual Orientation” Reflecting on the Section Section 3: The Making of Race, Sex and Empire Ian F. Haney López, “The Social Construction of Race” Linda Gordon, “Malthusianism” Anna Davin, “Imperialism and Motherhood” Frank Dikkoter, “Race Culture: Recent Perspectives on the History of Eugenics” Evelynn M. Hammonds, “New Technologies of Race” Reflecting on the Section Section 4: Medicine in a Historical Perspective Nongenile Masithathu Zenani, “And So I Grew Up” Barbara Ehrenreich and Dierdre English, “Exorcising the Midwives” David Arnold, “Women and Medicine” Ben Barker-Benfield, “Sexual Surgery in Late-Nineteenth-Century America” Rogaia Abusharaf, “Unmasking Tradition” Reflecting on the Section Section 5: Population Control and Reproductive Rights: Technology and Power Susan Davis, “Contested Terrain: The Historical Struggle for Fertility Control” GRAPHIC: “The Price of Abortion” Angela Davis, “Reproductive Rights” Betsy Hartmann, “Family Matters” Committee on Women, Population and the Environment, “Call for a New Approach” Debra Harry, “The Human Genome Diversity Project: Implications for Indigenous Peoples” Reflecting on the Section Section 6: Strategizing Health Education and Advocacy Maureen Larkin, “Global Aspects of Health and Health Policy in Third World Countries” GRAPHIC: “Default Isn’t Ours” *Sandra Morgen, “Conceiving History” Nadia Farah, “The Egyptian Women’s Health Book Collective” *Andrea Densham, “CDC, NIH, ACS, FDA – Alphabet City: The Institutional and Organizational Terrain of Breast Cancer and AIDS Activism” Kathryn Carovano, “More Than Mothers and Whores: Redefining the AIDS Prevention Needs of Women” *Sabine Russell, “The Role of Prostitution in South Asia’s Epidemic: Push for safe sex in red-light districts.” National Latina Health Organization, “Norplant Information Sheet” Refelcting on the Section Part Two: Gendered Identities in Nations and States Introducing the Chapter Section 7: Citizenship and Equality: The Private/Public Divide *BOX: Geoffrey Ponton and Peter Gill, “Paradigms, models and Ideologies” *Carole Pateman, “Feminist Critiques of the Public/Private Dichotomy” *Amy Kaplan, “Manifest Domesticity” Mary Wollstonecraft, Excerpt from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Jan Jindy Pettman, “Women and Citizenship” *Athalia Molokomme, Lelobe Molema, Opha Dube, Motsei Madisa, Ruth Motsete, and Onalenna Selowane, “Citizenship: An Open Letter to the Attorney-General” Reflecting on the Section Section 8: Gender and the Rise of the Modern State Jan Jindy Pettman, “Women, Gender, and the State” Jeffrey Weeks, “Power and the State” Margot Badran, “Competing Agenda: Feminists, Islam, and the State in Nineteenth-and ‘Twentieth-Century Egypt” *Gail Bederman, “Remaking Manhood through Race and ‘Civilization’” Reflecting on the Section Section 9: New Social Movements and Identity Politics Kathryn Woodward, “Concepts of Identity and Difference” Alexandra Kollontai, “Feminism and the Question of Class” Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color” *Alma García, “The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse” Lisa Duggan, “Making it Perfectly Queer” Reflecting on the Section Section 10: Communities and Nations *BOX: Benedict Anderson, Excerpt from Imagined Communities *Nira Yuval-Davis, “Gender and Nation” Cynthia Enloe, “Nationalism and Masculinity” *Amitra Basu, “Feminism Inverted: The Gendered Imagery and Real Women of Hindu Nationalism” Kathleen M. Blee, “The First Ku Klux Klan” Reflecting on the Section Section 11: Feminist Organizing across Borders Leila J. Rupp, “The International First Wave” Farida Shaheed, “Controlled or Autonomous Identity and the Experience of the Network, Women Living Under Muslim Laws” Lepa Mladjenovic and Vera Litricin, “Belgrade Feminists 1992: Separation, Guilt, and Identity Crisis” *Winnie Woodhull, “Global Feminists, Transnational Political Economies, Third World Cultural Production” *Laura Hershey, “Disabled Women Organize Worldwide” Reflecting on the Section Part Three: Representations, Cultures, Media, and Markets Introducing the Chapter *Section 12: Ways of Seeing: Representation and Art Practices John Berger, Excerpts from Ways of Seeing Catherine King, “Making Things Mean: Cultural Representation in Objects” BOX: Griselda Pollock, “Women and Art History” GRAPHIC: Guerilla Girls, “Top Ten Ways to Tell if You’re an Art World Token” *Suzanne Lustig, “How and Why Did the Guerilla Girls Alter the Art World Establishment in New York City, 1985-1995?” Reflecting on the Section Section 13: Artistic Production and Reception Judith Fryer Davidov, “Prologue” *Judith Halberstam, “Mackdaddy, Superfly, Rapper: Gender, Race, and Masculinity in the Drag King Scene” Andrea Weiss, “Female Pleasures and Perversions in the Silent and Early Sound Cinema” Lila Abu-Lughod, “The Interpretation of Culture(s) after Television” Reflecting on the Section Section 14: Gender and Literacy: The Rise of Print and Media Cultures Stuart Ewen and Elizabeth Ewen, “The Bribe of Frankenstein” Rassundari Devi, “The Sixth Compostion” Pat Dean, “Literacy: Liberation of Lip Service?” M.S. Mlahleki, “Literacy: No Panacea for Women’s Problems” William Wresch, “World Media” Reflecting on the Section Section 15: Representing Women in Colonial Contexts Judith Williamson, “Woman Is an Island” Femininity and Colonization” Catherine A. Lutz and Jane L. Collins, Excerpt from Reading National Geographic Marnia Lazreg, “Feminism and Difference” Sara Graham-Brown, Excerpt from Images of Women: The Portrayal of Women in Photography of the Middle East Reflecting on the Section Section 16: Consumer Culture and the Business of Advertising Robert Bocock, “Gender and Consumption” Elaine S. Abelson, “Urban Women and the Emergence of Shopping” Jennifer Scanlon, Excerpt from Inarticulate Longings Amy Gluckman and Betsey Reed, “The Gay Marketing Moment" Reflecting on the Section Section 17: Consumer Beauty Culture: Commodifying the Body Rosalind Coward, “The Body Beautiful” Nancy Worcester, “Nourishing Ourselves” Roland Marchand, “Grotesque Moderne” Celestine Bohlen, “Italians Contemplate Beauty in a Caribbean Brow” Barry Bearak, “Ugliness in India over Miss World” Rone Tempest, “Barbie in the World Economy” Figure 17.5: “Toys Are Serious Business for U.S.” Reflecting on the Section Section 18: Cyberculture *Somini Sengupta, “When Do-Gooders Don’t Know What They’re Doing” *Juana Maria Rodriguez, ““Welcome to the Global Stage”: Confessions of a Latina Cyber-Slut” *Vernadette V. Gonzalez and Robyn Magalit Rodriguez, “Filipina.com: Wives, Workers and Whores on the Cyberfrontier.” Reflecting on the Section Part Four: Gendering Globalization and Displacement Introductory Essay Section 19: Travel and Tourism Cynthia Enloe, “On the Beach: Sexism and Tourism” Mary Seacole, “Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands” Sylvia M. Jacobs, “Give a Thought to Africa: Black Women Missionaries in Southern Africa” Sylvia Chant, “Female Employment in Puerto Vallarta: A Case Study” Reflecting on the Section Section 20: Forced Relocations and Removals Lydia Potts, Excerpt from The World Labor Market: A History of Migration Wilma Mankiller and Michael Wallis, Excerpt from Mankiller: A Chief and Her People Phil Marfleet, “The Refugee” *Ayesha Khan, “Afghan Refugee Women’s Experience of Conflict and Disintegration” Reflecting on the Section Section 21: Diasporas Stuart Hall, “From ‘Routes’ to Roots” Claudette Williams, “Gal…You Come from Foreign” *Mimi Nguyen, “Viet Nam Journal/ Journey” Ella Shohat, “Dislocated Identities: Reflections of an Arab Jew” Reflecting on the Section Section 22: Women, Work, and Immigration Evelyn Nakano Glenn, “Women and Labor Migration” Leslie Salzinger, “A Maid by Any Other Name: The Transformation of ‘Dirty Work’ by Central American Immigrants” Fig. 22.1: Ads for Domestic Workers Rigoberta Menchú, “A Maid in the Capital” Photo: “What They Were Thinking” Satoko Watenabe, “From Thailand to Japan: Migrant Sex Workers as Autonomous Subjects” Reflecting on the Section Section 23: The Gender Politics of Economic Globalization Augusta Dwyer, “Welcome to the Border” Human Rights Watch, “Sex Disc rimination in the Maquiladoras” BOX: Richard P. Appelbaum, “Nike’s Business” Amber Ault and Eve Sandberg, “Our Policies, Their Consequences: Zambian Women’s Lives under Structural Adjustment” BOX: “Questions and Answers About the IMF” Faye V. Harrison, “The Gendered Politics and Violence of Structural Adjustment: A View from Jamaica” Reflecting on the Section Section 24: Global Food Production and Consumption Ecumenical Coalition for Economic Justice, “Tomasito’s Guide to Economic Integration: A Whirlwind Tour with Your Guide Tomasito, the Tomato *Martha McMahon, “Resisting Globalization: Women Organic Farmers and Local Food Systems” *Helen Zweifel, “The Gendered Nature of Biodiversity Conservation” Nancy Worcester, “The Obesity of the Food Industry” Reflecting on the Section Conclusion: Feminist Futures: Transnational Perspectives Concluding Comment Cynthia Enloe, “Beyond the Global Victim.” Reflecting on the Conclusion Bibliography: Works Excerpted List of Illustrations Index

About the Author

is currently Director and Professor of Women Studies at University of California-Irvine. She received her Ph.D. in English from the University of California at Berkeley. A founder of Narika, an agency that addresses the needs of South Asian women in the U.S., she works with activist groups that focus on Asian women and immigration issues. She has authored a monograph and co-edited several books and journal issues, often with her long time collaborator Caren Kaplan. Her special interests include the history of British imperialism, non-western women travelers, consumer culture and globalization, South Asian women in diaspora, and the new transnational feminist activism



Caren Kaplan is currently Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Women's Studies at the University of California at Davis. After receiving her Ph.D. in the History of Consciousness Program at the University of California at Santa Cruz, she served on the faculty in the Department of English at Georgetown University from 1986 to 1992. The author of a monograph as well as the co-editor of several books, she has collaborated with Inderpal Grewal for many years on essays and edited collections. Her special interests are the history of Western and international feminism, feminist theory, and aspects of imperialism and globalization such as travel, tourism, and information technologies.