Table of Contents

Preface
From the Publisher
Tables, Figures, and Maps
Boxed Features
1: Introduction
Introduction: Physical Anthropology Faces Bigfoot
The Four Branches of Anthropology
A Case Study: Using the Four Branches to Solve a Historical Mystery
Branches of Physical Anthropology
Human Evolution
Genetics
Paleoanthropology
Anthropometry
Medical Anthropology
Forensic Anthropology
Primatology
Science
The Scientific Method
Fact, Theory, and Hypothesis
Objectivity and Subjectivity: Lumpers and Splitters
Lumpers and Splitters: Declaring Which Side You Are On
How Do You Feel about Apes?
Author's Message
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Species and Specimens
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
2: Tools of the Trade: How Old Is That?
Introduction
Relative Dating
Stratigraphy
Seriation
Absolute Dating
A Warning about Websites and Absolute Dating
Writing
Dendrochronology
Varves
Radiocarbon Dating: Carbon 14
The Dead Sea Scrolls: An Exercise in Radiocarbon Dating
Stonehenge: Radiocarbon Dating Rewriting History
How to Test a New Form of Dating: Consilience
Potassium-Argon Dating
Electron Spin Resonance
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Answers to Table 2.1
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
3: Evolution
What Is Evolution?
What Evolution Is Not
Philosophical Stances and Evolution
Natural Selection
Gregor Mendel and Evolution
Genetics: The Players
Mutation: We Are All X-Men
It's Not How Many Genes You've Got that Counts
Selective Pressure
Debates within Evolutionary Theory
Proofs for Evolution
1. Direct Observation of Evolution
2. Transitions and Consistency in the Fossil Record
3. Biogeography
4. Comparative Anatomy
5. Unintelligent Design: Vestigial Structures, Imperfections, and Atavisms
6. Molecular Biology
7. The Embryo: 'Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny' (in part, anyway)
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
4: Evolutionary Pathways
Introduction
Family Trees and Bushes
Two Concepts that are Hard to Grasp
1. Deep Time
2. Continental Drift
Taxonomy
Traits
Genus and Beyond
Species
So Is a Bird a Reptile, or What?
So What is Louie?
Concestors: They've Come a Long Way Since Then
Long Live the Kingdoms (or Maybe Not)
Changing Kingdoms
Animalia
Running through the Family: From Farthest to our Closest Relations
Mammals
Primates and Their Evolution
Fossil Primates
Proconsul: The Speciating Genus
Gigantopithecus: King Kong Lives
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
5: Primates: Taxonomy and Behaviour
Preface: The Dread of Apes
Introduction
Primatology
An Ape is NOT a Monkey
Dental Patterns
Taxonomy
Suborders
Strepsiirhini
What I Used to Teach
Haplorrhini
Tarsiiformes (Tarsiers)
Simiformes (the Primates Formerly Known as Anthropoids)
Platyrrhinii (New World Monkeys)
Catarrhini (Old World Monkeys and Apes)
Old World Monkeys: Cercopithecoidae (Superfamily) and Cercopithecidae (Family)
Cercopithecoidae (superfamily) and Cercopithecidae (family)
A Close Look at Some Catarrhini Species
Baboons
Gibbons
Great Apes and Humans: A Taxonomic Shift
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees and Bonobos
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
6: Hominins before Homo
Introduction
Key Anatomical Terms
The Arm or Upper Limb
The Leg or Lower Limb
The Skull or Cranium
Bipedalism
The Return of the Lumpers and the Splitters, and the Difficulties of Naming Dead Species
The Species Concept and Its Difficulties
Opposing Models of Species Definition
Unintelligent Design: Vestigial Structures and Imperfections
Fossil Hominin Species
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus kadabba
Ardipithecus ramidus
Kenyanthropus platyops
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus bahrelghazali
Australopithecus africanus
The Robust Australopithecines
Australopithecus garhi
Australopithecus robustus
Australopithecus boisei
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
7: Early Homo
Introduction
The Brain Game
Homo habilis
KNM-ER 1470 and the Great Cranial Capacity Debate
Two Recent Finds
Dating H. habilis
Final Thoughts on the 'Handyman'
Homo rudolfensis
Homo erectus
Why Do They Have Thick Skulls?
The Movius Line
The Big Complication
Homo erectus Finds in Indonesia
Eugene Dubois and the Discovery of Homo erectus
Mojokerto Child
Sangiran
Ngandong
Homo erectus Finds in China
Homo erectus pekingensis: Peking Man
Fire
Homo erectus Finds in Africa
Homo erectus/ergaster
Turkana Boy
KNM-ER 1808
Related Species: H. georgicus and H. floresiensis
Homo georgicus
Homo floresiensis
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
8: Transition to Modern Homo sapiens
Introduction
Modern Homo sapiens: Lumper's and Splitter's Taxonomies
The Origins of 'Modern' Human Beings
Changing from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens
The Origin of Homo sapiens: Three Hypotheses
1. Out of Africa
2. Multiregionalism
2. Clinal Replacement
Tool Talk, Part 1
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
Homo heidelbergensis
Significant European Finds
Heidelberg Jaw
Steinheim Skull
Swanscombe Skull
Petralona Skull
Arago XXI or 'Tautavel Man'
Sima de los Huesos (the Pit of Bones)
Boxgrove Man
Gran Dolina
Homo cepranensis
The Schöningen Spears
The Upper Palaeolithic
Cro-Magnon
Ancient mtDNA
Significant African Finds
Kabwe (Broken Hill) Skull
Florisbad I
Salé Cranium
LH18 (Ngaloba)
Bodo Cranium
UA 31 (Buia)
Omo I and II
H. sapiens idaltu (Herto)
Klasies River
Border Cave
Skhul V
Qafzeh Cave
Significant Chinese Finds
Dali Cranium
Jinniushan Man
Maba Cranium
Liujiang
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
9: Neandertal
Introduction
Neandertal in Popular Culture
Location and Time Period
The Physical Description
Early Neandertal Finds
The Feldhofer Find: Naming the Other
Other Early Finds
The Spiritual Cannibal: Remaking Neandertal into a Human
Flowers and Compassion: Shanidar Cave, Iraq
Why Did Neandertal Become Extinct?
Theor 1: Violence between Cro-Magnon and Neandertal
Theory 2: Differences in Hunting Practices
Were Neandertals Bad Hunters...
Or Were They Turrific Hunters?
Theory 3: Differences in Tool Use
Tool Talk, Part 2
What's in the Toolbox
Theory 4: The Acculturated Neandertal
The Châtelperronian Tradition
Anatomy versus Culture: Who Was Better in the Cold?
Gorham's Cave
The Famous Fossil Femur Flute
Hybrids
Lapedo Child
The Romanian Evidence
Spanish Teeth
Mitochondrial Evidence
Mezmaiskaya Cave
Pitfalls of mtDNA Studies
The Neandertal Genome
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
10: Human Variation
Introduction
Variation within (Non-human) Species
Phases, Mutations, and Breeds
Subspecies
A Brief Look at the History of Race Concept in Science
Defining the Races: Blumenbach, Morton, and Coon
The Race Game: Other Problems
Skin Colour as a Racializer
Skin Colour: Frequently Asked Student Questions and Rarely Given Answers
Eye Colour
The Cephalic Index: Race and Plasticity
Dental Anthropology
The Genetic Approach
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Y-Chromosome: the General Picture
Race and Measurement: A Modern Perspective
Race and Disease
Blood Disorder and Race
1. Sickle-Cell Anemia
2. Thalassemia
3. Tay-Sachs
The Thrifty Gene
Lactose Intolerance
HIV and CC5-Delta 32
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
11: Recent History: Ethics, Migrations, and the Physical Costs of Agriculture
Introduction
Ethics
The Case for Science
Overcoming the Bias of the Book
The Case Against Science
The People's Rightful Connection to the Bones
Stories of Trophies of Science
George A. Dorsey and the Haida
What about Now? Science and Ethics Today
NAGPRA and the Kennewick Man Dispute
Canadian Cases
Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi
Ethical Consideration in South and Central American Cases
Latin America: A Different Attitude toward the Dead
Inca Mummies: Whose Are They?
Trying to Resolve the Issue of Aboriginal Osteology
Learning About the Culture of a People
The Iceman
The Shift to Agriculture: Effects on the Body
The Peopling of the Americas
They Came from Asia
The Archaeological Evidence
The Linguistic Evidence
The Beringia Refuge Hypothesis
The Genetic Evidence: Y-Chromosomes and the Americas
The Cranial Evidence: Skulls versus Genes
Summary
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
12: Forensic Anthropology
Introduction: Fact Meets Fiction
How Do You Know You're Going to Be a Forensic Anthropologist?
A Brief History of Forensic Anthropology
Thomas Dwight, Father of American Forensic Anthropology
George A. Dorsey and the Case of the Sausage Maker's Wife
Clyde Snow and the Angel of Death
William Bass and The Body Farm
Forensic Anthropology Step by Step
1. Determining That the Body Is Human
2. Numbering the Skeletons
3. Sexing the Skeleton
4. Racing the Skeleton
5. Aging the Skeleton
6. Estimating Skeletal Stature
7. Establishing Cause of Death
Forensic Anthropology in Action: Two Canadian Cases
The Case of the Swansea Skull
The Robert Pickton Case
Unidentified Persons: A Sample from the RCMP Cold Case Files
Human Rights Work: Witnesses to World Oppression
The Equipo Argentino de Antropología, or Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team: From Disappeared to Witness for the Prosecution
Clea Koff: The Bone Woman
Typical Student Questions
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Individuals
Recommended Print and Online Resources
13: Conclusions
Introduction: A Changing Field
New Thoughts on the Species Concept
New Thoughts on Genetic Dating: The Penguins Speak
New Thoughts on Race: The Place of Race in Physical Anthropology Today
New Thoughts on Physical Anthropologists
New Thoughts on Bipedalism
New Thoughts on Human Evolution
New Thoughts on Nations: Seeking the Taino
Concluding Remarks
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Key Species
Key Individuals
If You Were to Read 10 Books...
Other Recommended Resources
Glossary
Bibliography
Credits
Index

About the Author

John Steckley is professor of sociology and anthropology at Humber College, where he has taught for over 20 years. He is a past president of the Ontario Archaeological Society; a specialist in Aboriginal languages, culture, and history (and reportedly the last known speaker of the Wyandot [or Huron] language; and has worked as a consultant for CBC's Canada: A People's History. Professor Steckley includes OUP Canada's first two editions of the highly
successful Elements of Sociology (authored with Guy Letts) among his more than a dozen books and 200 articles in scholarly journals.